S.I.W.E.S REPORT ON DRILLING AND MINING

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (S.I.W.E.S)
OVERVIEW OF SIWES
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S) was established by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1973. It is a mandatory skill acquisition and training programmed, designed to expose students to the industrial workplace environment in their respective disciplines during their course of study. The students are expected to develop occupational competencies that would facilitate their fitting into the world of work after graduation.

OBJECTIVE OF SIWES
• To provide avenues for students to acquire industrial skills and experience during their course of study.
• To prepare students for industrial work situations they are likely to meet after graduation.
• To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipments and machineries that may not be available in their universities.
• To provide students with the opportunity to apply their educational knowledge in real work situations.
• To make the transition from the schooling to work easier, through enhancing students contact for later job placement.
RELEVANCE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
Industrial training is a key factor in enhancing the efficiency and expertise of the workforce. It enables the student understand the theoretical principles better and apply them in solving the problems facing the society.
Through it, students graduate from school into the labour market being familiar with work ethics, hence proffers every opportunity to be competent in their various fields.



CHAPTER TWO
DRILLING
INTRODUCTION
Simple drilling machines like hand held portable drilling machines, power feed drilling machines, etc. are quite common, we can find these machines everywhere. Often these machines are used for drilling a through hole over the job; these machines cannot be used for number of machining operations for specific applications. Human force is required to drill the hole, drilling depth cannot be estimated properly, job may spoil due to human errors, and different size holes cannot be drilled without changing the drill bit. Consumes lot of time for doing repeated multiple jobs, these all are the drawbacks. To overcome all these problems, this automated drilling machine is designed which is aimed to drill the holes automatically over a job according to the drilling depth data programmed through a key board. According to our survey report, we came to know that the machine designed here with a drilling machine is quite new, & there is no substitute available in the market.
The main concept of this machine is to drill the holes over particular jobs repeatedly at different depths, sequence is maintained. As the machine contains drill motor, the movement is controlled accurately. The mechanical transmission section is controlled with stepper motor, based on the drilling depth programmed through keyboard; the microcontroller restricts the movements of drill motor through stepper motor. Entire process falls under the subject of Mechatronics, & various fields of technologies must be included to full-fill the target.
Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.
• The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.
• The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck.
• The most common drill used is the TWIST DRILL.


TYPES OF DRILLING
a) Based on construction:
Portable, Sensitive, Radial, up-right, Gang, Multi-spindle
b) Based on Feed:
Hand and Power driven

DRILL MATERIALS
The Two Most Common Types Are
1. HSS drill
- Low cost
2. Carbide- tipped drills
- High production and in CNC machines
Other Types Are:
Solid Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated masonry drills, parabolic drills, split point drill
TYPES OF CUTTERS
REAMERS :-
Multi tooth cutting tool
Accurate way of sizing and finishing the pre-existing hole.
Accuracy of ±0.005mm can be achieved

BORING TOOL:-
Single point cutting tool.
Boring tool is held in the boring bar which has the shank.
Accuracy of ±0.005mm can be achieved
COUNTERSINKS:-
Special angled cone shaped enlargement at the end of the hole
Cutting edges at the end of conical surface.
COUNTER BORE TOOL:-
Special cutters uses a pilot to guide the cutting action .
Accommodates the heads of bolts.
Work Holding Devices

• Step Blocks
• Clamps
• V-Blocks
• Angles
• Jigs
• T- Slots Bolt
CHARACTERISTICS
• The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve. In most drilling machines, the spindle is vertical and the work is supported on a horizontal table.
• The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slide in its bearing in a direction parallel to its axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work: and when it is moved upward, the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work. Feed pressure applied to the sleeve by hand or power causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a few thousandths of an inch per revolution.
• The column of most drill presses is circular and built rugged and solid. The column supports the head and the sleeve or quill assembly. The head of the drill press is composed of the sleeve, spindle, electric motor, and feed mechanism.
• The head is bolted to the column. The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the column.

PRECAUTIONS FOR DRILLING MACHINE
• Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.
• Machines should be cleaned after use
• Chips should be removed using brush.
• T-slots, grooves, spindles sleeves, belts, pulley should be cleaned.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
• Do not support the work piece by hand – use work holding device.
• Use brush to clean the chip
• No adjustments while the machine is operating
• Ensure for the cutting tools running straight before starting the operation.
• Never place tools on the drilling table
• Avoid loose clothing and protect the eyes.
• Ease the feed if drill breaks inside the work piece.









CHAPTER THREE
MINING
INTRODUCTION
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposits which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.
Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.
Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre-historic times. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final reclamation of the land after the mine is closed.
Mining operations usually create a negative environmental impact, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most of the world's nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact. Worker safety has long been a concern as well, and modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines.
Levels of metals recycling are generally low. Unless future end-of-life recycling rates are stepped up, some rare metals may become unavailable for use in a variety of consumer products. Due to the low recycling rates, some landfills now contain higher concentrations of metal than mines themselves.
MINING TECHNIQUES
Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types:
Surface mining
Surface mining is done by removing (stripping) surface vegetation, dirt, and, if necessary, layers of bedrock in order to reach buried ore deposits. Techniques of surface mining include: open-pit mining, which is the recovery of materials from an open pit in the ground, quarrying, identical to open-pit mining except that it refers to sand, stone and clay; strip mining, which consists of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore/seams underneath; and mountaintop removal, commonly associated with coal mining, which involves taking the top of a mountain off to reach ore deposits at depth. Most (but not all) placer deposits, because of their shallowly buried nature, are mined by surface methods. Finally, landfill mining involves sites where landfills are excavated and processed






Sub-surface mining consists of digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to reach buried ore deposits. Ore, for processing, and waste rock, for disposal, are brought to the surface through the tunnels and shafts. Sub-surface mining can be classified by the type of access shafts used, the extraction method or the technique used to reach the mineral deposit. Drift mining utilizes horizontal access tunnels, slope mining uses diagonally sloping access shafts, and shaft mining utilizes vertical access shafts. Mining in hard and soft rock formations require different techniques.
Other methods include shrinkage stope mining, which is mining upward, creating a sloping underground room, long wall mining, which is grinding a long ore surface underground, and room and pillar mining, which is removing ore from rooms while leaving pillars in place to support the roof of the room. Room and pillar mining often leads to retreat mining, in which supporting pillars are removed as miners retreat, allowing the room to cave in, thereby loosening more ore. Additional sub-surface mining methods include hard rock mining, which is mining of hard rock (igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary) materials, bore hole mining, drift and fill mining, long hole slope mining, sub level caving, and block caving.
MACHINES
Heavy machinery is used in mining to explore and develop sites, to remove and stockpile overburden, to break and remove rocks of various hardness and toughness, to process the ore, and to carry out reclamation projects after the mine is closed. Bulldozers, drills, explosives and trucks are all necessary for excavating the land. In the case of placer mining, unconsolidated gravel, or alluvium, is fed into machinery consisting of a hopper and a shaking screen or trommel which frees the desired minerals from the waste gravel. The minerals are then concentrated using sluices or jigs.
Large drills are used to sink shafts, excavate stopes, and obtain samples for analysis. Trams are used to transport miners, minerals and waste. Lifts carry miners into and out of mines, and move rock and ore out, and machinery in and out, of underground mines. Huge trucks, shovels and cranes are employed in surface mining to move large quantities of overburden and ore. Processing plants utilize large crushers, mills, reactors, roasters and other equipment to consolidate the mineral-rich material and extract the desired compounds and metals from the ore.
Once the mineral is extracted, it is often then processed. The science of extractive metallurgy is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the extraction of valuable metals from their ores, especially through chemical or mechanical means.
Mineral processing (or mineral dressing) is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the mechanical means of crushing, grinding, and washing that enable the separation (extractive metallurgy) of valuable metals or minerals from their gangue (waste material). Processing of placer ore material consists of gravity-dependent methods of separation, such as sluice boxes. Only minor shaking or washing may be necessary to disaggregate (unclump) the sands or gravels before processing. Processing of ore from a lode mine, whether it is a surface or subsurface mine, requires that the rock ore be crushed and pulverized before extraction of the valuable minerals begins. After lode ore is crushed, recovery of the valuable minerals is done by one, or a combination of several, mechanical and chemical techniques.









ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Environmental issues can include erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to create space for the storage of the created debris and soil. Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals can also affect the health of the local population if not properly controlled.[35] Extreme examples of pollution from mining activities include coal fires, which can last for years or even decades, producing massive amounts of environmental damage.
Mining companies in most countries are required to follow stringent environmental and rehabilitation codes in order to minimize environmental impact and avoid impacting human health. These codes and regulations all require the common steps of environmental impact assessment, development of environmental management plans, mine closure planning (which must be done before the start of mining operations), and environmental monitoring during operation and after closure. However, in some areas, particularly in the developing world, government regulations may not be well enforced.


CHAPTER FOUR
MINERALS
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance, representable by a chemical formula, that is usually solid and inorganic, and has a crystal structure. It is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regard to it having an ordered atomic structure. The study of minerals is called mineralogy.
Minerals can be described by various physical properties which relate to their chemical structure and composition. Common distinguishing characteristics include crystal structure and habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity, colour, streak, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, parting, and specific gravity. More specific tests for minerals include magnetism, taste or smell, radioactivity and reaction to acid.

CHAPTER FIVE
SOME NIGERIA MINING PRODUCT
GOLD
Gold deposits are found in Northern Nigeria, most prominently near Maru, Anka, Malele, Tsohon Birnin Gwari-Kwaga, Gurmana, Bin Yauri, Okolom-Dogondaji, andIperindo in Kwara State it is not very dominant in the country.
Gold production began in 1913 and peaked in the 1930s. During the Second World War, production declined. Mines were abandoned by colonial companies, and production never recovered.
The Nigerian Mining Corporation (NMC) was formed in the early 1980s to explore for gold. Lack of funds, and the lure of easier profits from oil production led to its failure. There is no large scale gold mining operation in Nigeria today, though there is small-scale mining carried out by artists. The family of Aleye from Anka is one of the leading gold families in the region
COLUMBITE AND TANTALITE
Columbite and Tantalite are ores used to produce the elements niobium and tantalum. Columbite and tantalite are collectively known as coltan in Africa. Tantalum is a valuable rare element used in electronics manufacturing. In Nigeria, pegmatite deposits of coltan are frequently also the source of several precious and semi-precious stones such as beryl, aquamarine, and tourmaline. These pegmatites are found in Nassarawa State near the Jos Plateau, as well as in several areas in southeast Nigeria. There is small-scale mining of these minerals. Wolframite (tungsten) can be found in the North states
Nigeria has several deposits of iron ore, but the purest deposits are in and around Itakpe in Kogi State.
 IRON ORE
The National Iron Ore Mining Company was founded in 1979 and given the mission to explore, exploit, process, and supply iron ore concentrate to the Ajaokuta Steel Company (ASCL) in Ajaokuta and Delta Steel Company (DCL) in Aladja. Additional demand has come from several steel rolling mills. The company and its mining operations are based in Kogi State. Export of excess iron ore beyond what is required for domestic needs is currently being explored. Additionally, the Nigerian government has invested in foreign iron ore operations in Guinea.










CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION
The SIWES Programme afforded me an opportunity to expand my horizon, made me a mere experienced student and better equipped me for employment.
The SIWE Programme is not just an academic Programme, it is also a Programme that creates a platform for immature students to meet with an make friends with professionals of different fields with professionals of different fields in addition in giving, them opportunity to enter offices that were previously unimagined.
The federal government, ITF, and the various tertiary institutions in the country should make the SIWES Programme must for very student to participate in atone point or the other before graduation to improve mastery of equipments, machineries and work conditions before actually graduating to become part of the labour force.